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Buy aldactone without prescription, From the creepy files, this article from an Indian medical journal says that less than half of ECT practitioners use modified ECT. (That is, with anesthesia.)

Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
Jan-Mar2003-11(1)

Unmodified ECT: ethical issues
Chittaranjan Andrade

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an important treatment in psychiatry; despite the myth that it is a barbaric and outdated practice (1), Buy aldactone low price, it is as relevant today as it was over six decades ago, when it was first introduced. This is because ECT can be life-saving in catatonic, suicidal, buy aldactone lowest price, or otherwise highly disturbed patients (2); because it is of exceptional benefit in patients with psychotic depression (3); and because it can be both therapeutic and prophylactic in patients who do not respond to antidepressant or antipsychotic drugs (2,4). Cheap aldactone tablet, During ECT, a small electrical current (0.5-0.8 A) is passed through the brain via electrodes applied to the scalp. The current stimulates the brain and elicits a generalised seizure. This has two elements: the central seizure, manifested as characteristic EEG activity, and the peripheral seizure, or convulsion (2), buy aldactone without prescription.

The exact mechanism of action of ECT is not known for certain; however, buy aldactone online cheap, it is definitely known that, in the absence of the central seizure, Pharmacy aldactone, electrical currents applied to the brain are therapeutically ineffective (5). It has further been established that, as long as the electrical activity in the brain which corresponds to the seizure is allowed to develop, the peripheral seizure is unnecessary (2, aldactone alternative,5).

Why would psychiatrists want to abolish the peripheral seizure. Cheap aldactone on internet, For one, the convulsion looks frightening to the viewer; this perpetrates the myth that ECT is a barbaric treatment (1). Buy aldactone without prescription, More importantly, research conducted during the early decades of ECT suggested that the convulsion is associated with a 20-40% risk of subclinical compression fractures of middle thoracic vertebrae. The risk was observed to be greater in males, in older subjects, buy cheapest aldactone on line, and in those with osteoporosis (6-8). Although such fractures did not appear to be clinically significant (6, Aldactone price, 9), it was nonetheless considered that morbidity avoided is safety promoted.

While muscle relaxation during ECT had been attempted as early as in 1940, it was not until 1953 that succinylcholine was established as a suitable agent for peripheral muscle relaxation during ECT (2), find aldactone online. With the use of succinylcholine, the peripheral seizure is abolished, Aldactone cost, and the musculoskeletal complications of ECT are minimised. Such administration of a muscle relaxant is known as modification of the ECT procedure, buy aldactone without prescription.

At this stage, it is worth noting that unmodified ECT is, rarely, aldactone no online prescription, associated with other risks, such as dislocation of various joints, Aldactone pharmacy online, minor muscle or ligament tears, cardiac arrhythmias, aspiration of secretions into the respiratory tract, haemorrhage at various sites, order aldactone online, and anxiety (10). The prevalence of such complications with unmodified ECT is very low, Aldactone side effects, and precise prevalences are unknown.

The administration of succinylcholine to a conscious patient, immediately before ECT, is frightening because succinylcholine paralyses all voluntary muscles, purchase aldactone online, including those of respiration. It is therefore necessary to administer anaesthesia before ECT; however, Buy aldactone from india, the administration of anaesthesia is associated with its own risk, making the presence of an anaesthesiologist necessary. Buy aldactone without prescription, This is where practitioners of ECT in India find themselves in a bind: one the one hand, their experience is that unmodified ECT is associated with virtually no risks to the patient; on the other hand, they find that anaesthesia cannot be administered safely to many categories of patients, and the presence of an anaesthesiologist cannot always be assured.

It is difficult to recruit anaesthesiologists in many parts of the country because these specialists are few and are monopolised by surgeons. Furthermore, aldactone prescription, involving anaesthesiologists raises the expenses of ECT from a negligible sum to a high, and (to many) hard-to-afford sum. Canada aldactone, Some, but not all Indian practitioners therefore continue to administer unmodified ECT. A survey of the medical membership of the Indian psychiatry found that, in 1991, get aldactone, only 44.2% of practitioners who administered ECT always administered modified treatments; however, only 24.2% invariably administered unmodified ECT (11). More recent data are unavailable, buy aldactone without prescription. Aldactone online sale, Whether unmodified ECT is ethical or not depends upon a risk- benefit analysis. On the one hand, modified ECT reduces musculoskeletal risks, haemorrhage at various sites, cheapest generic aldactone online, pre-ECT anxiety, and the other but rare adverse effects of unmodified ECT that were listed earlier. Aldactone information, On the other hand, modified ECT could be beyond the means (or the reach) of a large segment of Indian society, and introduces the risks associated with anaesthesia.

There is now further evidence upon which decision-making can be based, buy cheapest aldactone online. Buy aldactone without prescription, Tharyan et al (12) observed from a chart review that only 12 patients experienced fractures with unmodified ECT in a series of 1,835 patients who received a total of 13,597 ECT treatments across a span of 11 years. And, we found that only 1 of 50 patients experienced an adverse musculoskeletal event with unmodified ECT in a systematic, Aldactone no rx, radiological investigation of the adverse effects of the procedure (13). It therefore appears prudent to conclude that while modified ECT may be the ideal, there can be situations in which unmodified ECT may be preferable to no ECT. Examples of such situations are those in which ECT is strongly indicated but anaesthesiological facilities are unavailable or unaffordable; in such situations, buy aldactone generic, the expected gains with ECT are likely to far exceed the risks with unmodified treatments.

The stage is now set for a systematic audit of modified as well as unmodified ECT so that better data may be made available upon which more valid decision-making can be based.

References

1, buy aldactone without prescription. Aldactone sales, Andrade C, Rao NSK. Medical students’ attitudes towards electroconvulsive therapy. Convulsive Ther 1996; 12: 86-90, cheap aldactone overnight delivery.

2. Buy aldactone without prescription, Andrade C. Electroconvulsive therapy. Find cheap aldactone online, In: Bhugra D (ed): Handbook of Psychiatry. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002 (in press).

3, find discount aldactone online. Petrides G, Fink M, Husain MM, Knapp RG, Rush AJ, Mueller M et al, buy aldactone without prescription. ECT remission rates in psychotic versus nonpsychotic depressed patients: a report from CORE. J ECT 2001; 17: 244-253. Buy aldactone online australia, 4. Andrade C, Kurinji S. Buy aldactone without prescription, Continuation and maintenance ECT: a review of recent research. J ECT 2002; 18: 149-158, best price for aldactone.

5. Andrade C. Aldactone, The mechanism of action of ECT. In: Gangadhar BN (Ed.): Proceedings of the National Workshop on ECT: Priorities for Research and Practice in India, pp 107-130, buy aldactone without prescription. Bangalore: NIMHANS, 1992.

6, aldactone alternative. Dewald PA, Margolis NM, Aldactone for order, Weiner H. Vertebral fractures as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy. Buy aldactone without prescription, Journal of the American Medical Association 1954; 154: 981-984.

7. Lingley JR, canadian pharmacy aldactone, Robbins LL. Fractures following electroshock therapy. Aldactone pharmacy, Radiology 1947; 48: 124-128.

8, buy aldactone without prescription. Meschan I, Scruggs JB Jr, Calhoun JD, order discount aldactone online. Convulsive fractures of dorsal spine following electric-shock therapy. Radiology 1950; 54: 180-185. Order aldactone cheap online, 9. Buy aldactone without prescription, Polatin P, Linn L. Orthopedic and neurologic follow-up study of vertebral fractures in shock therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 1949; 105: 824-827.

10, aldactone cheapest price. Pitts FN Jr. Medical physiology of ECT, buy aldactone without prescription. In: Abrams R, Essman WB (eds): Electroconvulsive therapy: Biological Foundations and Clinical Applications. Lancaster: MTP Press Ltd, 1982, 57-89.

11. Andrade C, Agarwal AK, Reddy MV. Buy aldactone without prescription, The practice of ECT in India. 2. The practical administration of ECT. Indian J Psychiatry 1993; 35: 81-86.

12. Tharyan P, Saju PJ, Datta S, John JK, Kuruvilla K, buy aldactone without prescription. Physical morbidity with unmodified ECT: a decade of experience. Indian J Psychiatry 1993;35:211-214.

13. Andrade C, Rele K, Sutharshan R, Shah N. Musculoskeletal morbidity with unmodified ECT may be less than earlier believed. Indian J Psychiatry 2000; 42: 156-162.

Chittaranjan Andrade, Additional Professor in Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560 029. Email:andrade@nimhans.kar.nic.in.

Added: August 1, 2006 at 11:23 am
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